• Bellal Joseph, Julie L Wynne, Stanley J Dudrick, and Rifat Latifi.
• Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
• Eur J Trauma Emerg S. 2010 Feb 1;36(1):25-30.

AbstractDespite significant improvements in the practice of metabolic support of critically ill patients in recent years, malnutrition continues to be common among surgical patients, adding significantly to complications, infections, length of stay, costs, and increased mortality. Furthermore, hypercatabolism is the major metabolic response after major trauma and emergency surgery, making this patient population a unique subgroup of critically ill patients vulnerable to further decline in nutritional status. Many questions have already been answered, such as whether critically ill patients should be fed, when they should be fed, and how nutrients should be delivered. What is not entirely clear is what we should feed critically ill patients at different phases of specific diseases and disorders, as well as whether or not we should enhance and/or modulate patients' immunity.

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