• J A Michaels, W B Campbell, J E Brazier, J B Macintyre, S J Palfreyman, J Ratcliffe, and K Rigby.
• Academic Vascular Unit, University of Sheffield, UK.
• Health Technol Assess. 2006 Apr 1;10(13):1-196, iii-iv.

ObjectivesTo establish the cost-effectiveness of surgery and sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicose veins.DesignRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) were carried out for conservative treatment, sclerotherapy and surgery for varicose veins. An economic analysis was carried out alongside the randomised trial. Economic modelling was undertaken based on the primary data collection and a literature review (database searches undertaken in April 2000 and updated in March 2001).SettingPrimary data collection was from a large district general hospital and a teaching hospital both in England over a 2-year period from January 1999. Cost-effectiveness analysis and economic modelling were carried out using an NHS perspective.ParticipantsA total of 1009 patients were recruited.InterventionsThirty-four patents were randomised in Group 1 (minor varicose veins with no reflux, randomised between conservative treatment and sclerotherapy), 77 in Group 2 (moderate varicose veins with reflux, randomised between surgery and sclerotherapy) and 246 in Group 3 (severe varicose veins with reflux, randomised between conservative treatment and surgery). The remaining 652 patients formed the observational part of the study.Main Outcome MeasuresThe cost-effectiveness analysis was based on NHS treatment costs for the 2002--3 financial year, and utilities based on the Short Form 6D (SF-6D) preference-based health measure. For the clinical trial, the outcome measures were health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [Short Form with 36 Items (SF-36), EuroQol quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D), visual analogue scale (VAS) and standard gamble], symptomatic relief, anatomical extent (for which a new classification was developed and validated), patient satisfaction and the incidence of complications.ResultsOf the RCTs, only the Group 3 trial was large enough to provide clear results. This showed that surgical treatment produced better results than conservative treatment in terms of HRQoL, symptomatic relief, anatomical extent and patient satisfaction. Clinical outcomes of surgery and sclerotherapy showed significant improvement in the extent of varicose veins, symptomatic and HRQoL parameters. Cost-effectiveness analysis based on the Group 3 trial showed that the surgery produced an estimated discounted benefit of 0.054 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) over a 2-year period, with an additional discounted cost of pound 387.45, giving an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of pound 7175 per QALY. Economic modelling suggested that surgery produced a still greater benefit when considered with a 10-year time horizon, with an ICER of pound 1936 per QALY. Injection sclerotherapy produced an incremental benefit of approximately 0.044 QALY at a cost of pound 155 when compared with conservative treatment, giving an ICER of pound 3500 per QALY. When surgery was compared with sclerotherapy, surgery produced greater benefit with a lower ICER (showing extended dominance).ConclusionsStandard surgical treatment of varicose veins by saphenofemoral ligation, stripping and multiple phlebectomies is a clinically effective and cost-effective treatment for varicose veins, with an ICER well below the threshold normally considered appropriate for the funding of treatments within the NHS. Injection sclerotherapy also appears to be cost-effective, but produces less overall benefit, with a higher ICER than surgery for patients with superficial venous reflux. In minor varicose veins without reflux, sclerotherapy is likely to provide a small average benefit with acceptable cost-effectiveness. Research is needed into methods for accurate and acceptable utility evaluations for conditions with relatively minor effect on HRQoL and also for a validated and standardised method of classification for varicose veins.

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