• Ruwan A Weerakkody, Nicholas J Cheshire, Celia Riga, Rachael Lear, Mohammed S Hamady, Krishna Moorthy, Ara W Darzi, Charles Vincent, and Colin D Bicknell.
• Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK.
• BMJ Qual Saf. 2013 Sep 1;22(9):710-8.

BackgroundSurgical technology has led to significant improvements in patient outcomes. However, failures in equipment and technology are implicated in surgical errors and adverse events. We aim to determine the proportion and characteristics of equipment-related error in the operating room (OR) to further improve quality of care.MethodsA systematic review of the published literature yielded 19 362 search results relating to errors and adverse events occurring in the OR, from which 124 quantitative error studies were selected for full-text review and 28 were finally selected.ResultsMedian total errors per procedure in independently-observed prospective studies were 15.5, interquartile range (IQR) 2.0-17.8. Failures of equipment/technology accounted for a median 23.5% (IQR 15.0%-34.1%) of total error. The median number of equipment problems per procedure was 0.9 (IQR 0.3-3.6). From eight studies, subdivision of equipment failures was possible into: equipment availability (37.3%), configuration and settings (43.4%) and direct malfunctioning (33.5%). Observed error rates varied widely with study design and with type of operation: those with a greater burden of technology/equipment tended to show higher equipment-related error rates. Checklists (or similar interventions) reduced equipment error by mean 48.6% (and 60.7% in three studies using specific equipment checklists).ConclusionsEquipment-related failures form a substantial proportion of all error occurring in the OR. Those procedures that rely more heavily on technology may bear a higher proportion of equipment-related error. There is clear benefit in the use of preoperative checklist-based systems. We propose the adoption of an equipment check, which may be incorporated into the current WHO checklist.

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