• Ernest Volinn, Bangxiang Yang, Jing He, Xiaoming Sheng, Jian Ying, Weining Volinn, Jie Zhang, and Yunxia Zuo.
• Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. Ernest.Volinn@hsc.utah.edu
• Pain Med. 2010 May 1;11(5):637-47.

ObjectiveChinese is the most commonly spoken language in the world, and back pain is as prevalent in China as it is elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment. We assemble a set of Chinese measures to evaluate outcomes in diverse domains. A set of measures is necessary, because measures in one domain may vary independently from measures in another. Chinese measures are in four domains: pain intensity, global rating of improvement, physical disability, and emotional functioning. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) represents the domain of physical disability, and both the World Health Organization Five-Item Well-being Index (WHO-5) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D depression scale) represent the domain of emotional functioning.DesignMeasures were cross-culturally adapted into Chinese. The development of Chinese versions of the ODI, the WHO-5, and the CES-D entailed psychometric evaluation. Additionally, we administered the previously validated Chinese SF-36 to evaluate the validity of measures in our set.SettingThe western-style Pain Clinic and the Acupuncture Clinic of West China Hospital (Chengdu, Sichuan Province).PatientsEighty-six patients with nonspecific back pain.ResultsWe found no significant differences between patients from the Pain Clinic and those from the Acupuncture Clinic. For the ODI, the CES-D, and the WHO-5, we evaluated the psychometric properties of reliability, validity, and ceiling and floor effects. We found these properties to be good to excellent.ConclusionsIn the Appendix (available online, in supplemental materials for this article), we present the West China Hospital set of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment.

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