• John Edem Fiadjoe, Akira Nishisaki, Narasimhan Jagannathan, Agnes I Hunyady, Robert S Greenberg, Paul I Reynolds, Maria E Matuszczak, Mohamed A Rehman, David M Polaner, Peter Szmuk, Vinay M Nadkarni, Francis X McGowan, Ronald S Litman, and Pete G Kovatsis.
• Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA. Electronic address: FIADJOEJ@email.chop.edu.
• Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Jan 1; 4 (1): 37-48.

BackgroundDespite the established vulnerability of children during airway management, remarkably little is known about complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation. To address this concern, we developed a multicentre registry (Pediatric Difficult Intubation [PeDI]) to characterise risk factors for difficult tracheal intubation, establish the success rates of various tracheal intubation techniques, catalogue the complications of children with difficult tracheal intubation, and establish the effect of more than two tracheal intubation attempts on complications.MethodsThe PeDI registry consists of prospectively collected tracheal intubation data from 13 children's hospitals in the USA. We established standard data collection methods before implementing the secure web-based registry. After establishing standard definitions, we collected and analysed patient, clinician, and practice data and tracheal intubation outcomes. We categorised complications as severe or non-severe.FindingsBetween August, 2012, and January, 2015, 1018 difficult paediatric tracheal intubation encounters were done. The most frequently attempted first tracheal intubation techniques were direct laryngoscopy (n=461, 46%), fibre-optic bronchoscopy (n=284 [28%]), and indirect video laryngoscopy (n=183 [18%]) with first attempt success rates of 16 (3%) of 461 with direct laryngoscopy, 153 (54%) of 284 with fibre-optic bronchoscopy, and 101 (55%) of 183 with indirect video laryngoscopy. Tracheal intubation failed in 19 (2%) of cases. 204 (20%) children had at least one complication; 30 (3%) of these were severe and 192 (19%) were non-severe. The most common severe complication was cardiac arrest, which occurred in 15 (2%) patients. The occurrence of complications was associated with more than two tracheal intubation attempts, a weight of less than 10 kg, short thyromental distance, and three direct laryngoscopy attempts before an indirect technique. Temporary hypoxaemia was the most frequent non-severe complication.InterpretationMore than two direct laryngoscopy attempts in children with difficult tracheal intubation are associated with a high failure rate and an increased incidence of severe complications. These results suggest that limiting the number of direct laryngoscopy attempts and quickly transitioning to an indirect technique when direct laryngoscopy fails would enhance patient safety.FundingNone.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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