• Samir S Shah, Matthew Hall, Denise M Goodman, Pamela Feuer, Vidya Sharma, Crayton Fargason, Daniel Hyman, Kathy Jenkins, Marjorie L White, Fiona H Levy, James E Levin, David Bertoch, and Anthony D Slonim.
• Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. shahs@email.chop.edu
• Arch Pediat Adol Med. 2007 Mar 1;161(3):282-90.

ObjectivesTo describe the magnitude of off-label drug use, to identify drugs most commonly used off-label, and to identify factors associated with off-label drug use in children hospitalized in the United States.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingAdministrative database containing inpatient resource utilization data from January 1 to December 31, 2004, from 31 tertiary care pediatric hospitals in the United States.ParticipantsHospitalized patients 18 years or younger.Main ExposuresInstitution and patient characteristics.Main Outcome MeasuresOff-label drug use was defined as use of a specific drug in a patient younger than the Food and Drug Administration-approved age range for any indication of that drug.ResultsAt least 1 drug was used off-label in 297 592 (78.7%) of 355 409 patients discharged during the study. Off-label use accounted for $270 275 849 (40.5%) of the total dollars spent on these medications. Medications classified as central or autonomic nervous system agents or as fluids or nutrients, or gastrointestinal tract agents were most commonly used off-label, whereas antineoplastic agents were rarely used off-label. Factors associated with off-label use in multivariate analysis were as follows: undergoing a surgical procedure, age older than 28 days, greater severity of illness, and all-cause in-hospital mortality.ConclusionsMost patients hospitalized at tertiary care pediatric institutions receive at least 1 medication outside the terms of the Food and Drug Administration product license. Substantial variation in the frequency of off-label use was observed across diagnostic categories and drug classes. Despite the frequent off-label use of drugs, using an administrative database, we cannot determine which of these treatments are unsafe or ineffective and which treatments result in substantial benefit to the patient.

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