• Ian A Cook, Randall Espinoza, and Andrew F Leuchter.
• UCLA Depression Research & Clinic Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Henry Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: icook@ucla.edu.
• Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 2014 Jan 1;25(1):103-16.

AbstractMajor depressive disorder is among the most disabling illnesses and, despite best practices with medication and psychotherapy, many patients remain ill even after several treatment trials. For many of these patients with treatment-resistant or pharmacoresistant depression, treatment with neuromodulation offers an alternative. Options range from systems that are implanted to others that are entirely noninvasive. This review surveys recent literature to update readers on 3 particular interventions: deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and trigeminal nerve stimulation. Additional comparative research is needed to delineate the relative advantages of these treatments, and how best to match individual patients to neuromodulation intervention.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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