• Chester C Buckenmaier and Scott Griffith.
• Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20307, USA.
• Mil Med. 2010 Jul 1;175(7 Suppl):7-12.

AbstractMorphine and other opioid drugs have played a major role in austere environment pain management since the Civil War, particularly in the military. While the pre-eminence and success of such medications is without question, their use is accompanied by significant side effects that are undesirable in the most advanced medical settings, and are potentially devastating in the field environment. Recently, there have been significant improvements in pain care for America's wounded service members, along with a shift in how many care providers view pain management. An increasing number of healthcare providers are seeing pain not merely as a symptom, but as a disease process. In addition to dramatically improving care for wounded service members, the evolution in the military's approach to pain is enhancing care for civilians.

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