• Line Pedersen, Petter Christian Borchgrevink, Harald Petter Breivik, and Olav Magnus Søndenå Fredheim.
• National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Sørlandet Hospital HF, Kristiansand, Norway. Electronic address: line.pedersen@ntnu.no.
• Pain. 2014 May 1; 155 (5): 881-8.

AbstractGuidelines for opioid treatment of chronic non-malignant pain recommend long-acting over short-acting opioid formulations. The evidence for this recommendation is weak. This study is a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, 8-week comparison of long-acting dihydrocodeine tablets (DHC-Continus) with short-acting dihydrocodeine tablets in 60 patients with chronic non-malignant pain who were referred to a multidisciplinary pain clinic. All patients used codeine-paracetamol tablets before the trial, and paracetamol was added in both groups during the trial. The primary outcome was stability in pain intensity, measured as the difference between the highest and least pain intensity reported on an 11-point numerical rating scale in a 7-day diary. The secondary outcomes were differences in quality of life, quality of sleep, depression, and episodes of breakthrough pain between the 2 formulations. Spontaneously reported adverse events were recorded. In all, 38 patients completed the trial, and 22 withdrew before the end. The reasons for withdrawal were adverse events, lack of efficacy, or both, and were similar between the groups. There were no significant differences in stability of pain intensity between groups. There were no significant differences between groups in quality of sleep, depression, health-related quality of life, or adverse events. Breakthrough pain was experienced in both groups during the trial. Long-acting dihydrocodeine was not observed to be superior for any of the outcomes in this trial. The results of this study do not support current guidelines recommending long-acting opioids. Copyright © 2014 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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