• Márcia G Alves Galvão, Marilene Augusta Rocha Crispino Santos, and Antonio J L Alves da Cunha.
• Municipal Secretariat of Health, Avenida Ayrton Senna, 250/ 205, Barra da Tijuca. Alfa Barra 1, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 22793-000.
• Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 1;2:CD007880.

BackgroundUndifferentiated acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a large and heterogeneous group of infections not clearly restricted to one specific part of the upper respiratory tract, which last for up to seven days. They are more common in pre-school children in low-income countries and are responsible for 75% of the total amount of prescribed antibiotics in high-income countries. One possible rationale for prescribing antibiotics is the wish to prevent bacterial complications.ObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness and safety of antibiotics in preventing complications in children aged two to 59 months with undifferentiated ARIs.Search MethodsWe searched CENTRAL 2013, Issue 4, MEDLINE (1950 to May week 2, 2013) and EMBASE (1974 to May 2013).Selection CriteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCT) or quasi-RCTs comparing antibiotic prescriptions with placebo or non-treatment in children up to 59 months with an undifferentiated ARI for up to seven days.Data Collection And AnalysisTwo review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted and analysed data using the standard Cochrane methodological procedures.Main ResultsWe identified four trials involving 1314 children. Three trials investigated the use of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid to prevent otitis and one investigated ampicillin to prevent pneumonia.The use of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid compared to placebo to prevent otitis showed a risk ratio (RR) of 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45 to 1.11, three trials, 414 selected children, moderate-quality evidence). Methods of random sequence generation and allocation concealment were not clearly stated in two trials. Performance, detection and reporting bias could not be ruled out in three trials.Ampicillin compared to supportive care (continuation of breastfeeding, clearing of the nose and paracetamol for fever control) to prevent pneumonia showed a RR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.49, one trial, 889 selected children, moderate-quality evidence). The trial was non-blinded. Random sequence generation and allocation concealment methods were not clearly stated so the possibility of reporting bias could not be ruled out.Harm outcomes could not be analysed as they were expressed only in percentages.No studies were found assessing mastoiditis, quinsy, abscess, meningitis, hospital admission or death.Authors' ConclusionsThe quality of evidence currently available does not provide strong support for antibiotic use as a means of reducing the risk of otitis or pneumonia in children up to five years of age with undifferentiated ARIs. Further high-quality research is needed to provide more definitive evidence of the effectiveness of antibiotics in this population.

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