• Andrew C Papanicolaou, Roozbeh Rezaie, Shalini Narayana, Asim F Choudhri, James W Wheless, Eduardo M Castillo, James E Baumgartner, and Frederick A Boop.
• Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A; Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A.
• Epilepsia. 2014 May 1;55(5):629-32.

AbstractThe question we address here is whether the invasive presurgical brain mapping approaches of direct cortical stimulation and of the Wada procedure can be replaced by noninvasive functional neuroimaging methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI], magnetoencephalography [MEG], transcranial magnetic stimulation and [TMS]). First, we outline the reasons for contemplating such a replacement. Second, we present evidence to the effect that the efficacy of the invasive and noninvasive methods, while suboptimal, is comparable. Third, we discuss additional advantages of noninvasive presurgical brain mapping and conclude that there are no longer compelling reasons for opting for invasive mapping in many if not most cases provided that the non-invasive methods are available.Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2014 International League Against Epilepsy.

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