Low average volatile concentration shows some association with post-operative delirium in a sub-study analysis of cardiothoracic patients admitted post-operatively to ICU, although clinical implications are unclear. Use of BIS was not statistically significantly associated with a lower incidence of delirium, although there was a trend to lower incidence.

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• Elizabeth L Whitlock, Brian A Torres, Nan Lin, Daniel L Helsten, Molly R Nadelson, George A Mashour, and Michael S Avidan.
• From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine; †Department of Mathematics, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri; and ‡Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
• Anesth. Analg.. 2014 Apr 1;118(4):809-17.

BackgroundPostoperative delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a frequent complication after cardiac or thoracic surgery and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.MethodsIn this single-center substudy of the BAG-RECALL trial (NCT00682825), we screened patients after cardiac or thoracic surgery in the ICU twice daily for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. The primary outcome was the incidence of delirium in patients who had been randomized to intraoperative Bispectral Index (BIS)-guided and end-tidal anesthetic concentration-guided depth of anesthesia protocols. As a secondary analysis, a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection strategy was used to rank a field of candidate risk factors for delirium, followed by binary logistic regression.ResultsOf 310 patients assessed, 28 of 149 (18.8%) in the BIS group and 45 of 161 (28.0%) in the end-tidal anesthetic concentration group developed postoperative delirium in the ICU (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval, 0.35-1.02, P= 0.058). Low average volatile anesthetic dose, intraoperative transfusion, ASA physical status, and European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation were identified as independent predictors of delirium.ConclusionsA larger randomized study should determine whether brain monitoring with BIS or an alternative method decreases delirium after cardiac or thoracic surgery. The association between low anesthetic concentration and delirium is a surprising finding and could reflect that patients with poor health are both more sensitive to the effects of volatile anesthetic drugs and are also more likely to develop postoperative delirium. Investigation of candidate methods to prevent delirium should be prioritized in view of the established association between postoperative delirium and adverse patient outcomes.

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