• Walter A Hall and Charles L Truwit.
• Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. hallw@upstate.edu
• Neurosurgery. 2008 Feb 1;62 Suppl 2:519-530; discussion 530-1.

ObjectiveInfection involving the cerebrum is a true neurosurgical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and appropriate surgical and medical intervention to achieve good clinical outcome.MethodsBecause of the potential for devastating neurological sequelae, it is imperative that neurosurgeons be involved in the diagnosis and management of these serious conditions once an infection is suspected. With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, it is now possible to detect an infectious process early in its course and follow the response to therapy. Although significantly more effective than in the past, antimicrobial therapy alone is insufficient to eradicate most intracranial infections, especially in the presence of compression or displacement of the cerebrum. Surgery remains an essential part of the management of intracranial infection because of its ability to provide immediate relief from pressure on neural structures and thereby result in clinical improvement.ResultsThe most common infections affecting the brain, namely, cranial epidural abscess, subdural empyema, brain abscess, viral infection, tuberculosis, and neurocysticercosis, can each be associated with significant mass effect on the cerebrum that is greatly reduced through surgery. This relief, in combination with newer antimicrobial agents that have an improved ability to cross the blood brain barrier, has led to a reduction in the infection-related morbidity and mortality rates associated with intracranial infections.ConclusionCombining advanced imaging and surgical techniques in the form of intraoperative magnetic resonance image-guided neurosurgery may further enhance clinical outcomes in these once uniformly fatal diseases.

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