• Gerben ten Cate, Erik Fosse, Per Kristian Hol, Eigil Samset, Richard W Bock, James F McKinsey, Benjamin J Pearce, and Mark Lothert.
• Interventional Centre, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
• J. Vasc. Surg. 2004 Sep 1;40(3):494-9.

PurposeThe study was performed to evaluate the performance of digital fixed-mounted angiographic C-arm systems in the operating room as used by surgeons, cardiologists, and interventional radiologists.MethodsAn observational study in the operating room was performed, along with a structured questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Twenty interventions were observed at 5 sites. Workflow was analyzed.ResultsIntegration of high-end angiographic imaging equipment in the operating room enables image-guided surgery with high-quality images, on-table quality assessment of surgical procedures, and "one-stop shopping" procedures. Integrated suites were run by surgery as well as radiology departments, and are used for a variety of procedures, including vascular, cardiothoracic, open surgical, percutaneous, and combined procedures. Operation of the angiographic system and its user interface design were not considered ideal for operating room use. Limited patient accessibility was observed, sometimes leading to uncomfortable positions for the operating physicians. Certain procedures, such as tibial artery surgery, were difficult to perform, owing to lack of accessories. Patient transfer was considered inadequate. Cleaning of the system was rated as poor. Operating room use puts an even higher demand on reliability of the system.ConclusionIntegration of digital angiographic systems into operating rooms has produced opportunities for new treatments and offers a superior solution for interdisciplinary work among surgeons, cardiologists, and radiologists. However, the context of use differs radically from that in the traditional radiologic examination room; the environment, users, and procedures are all different. Integration of imaging methods into the operating room can be more successful if special operating room conditions are taken into account by medical systems manufacturers.

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