• T Fikentscher, J Grifka, and A Benditz.
• Orthopädische Klinik für die Universität Regensburg, Asklepios Klinikum Bad Abbach, Kaiser-Karl V. Allee 3, 93077, Bad Abbach, Deutschland. t.fikentscher@asklepios.com.
• Orthopade. 2015 Sep 1; 44 (9): 727-740.

AbstractA sufficient pain management forms the foundation for a successful operative treatment of orthopedic patients. Clinical guideline standards must be provided to ensure safe and immediate pain therapy. Training in these guidelines should be held for clinical personnel on a regular basis. The visual analog scale (VAS) and the numerical rating scale (NRS) are valid instruments used for assessment of pain intensity. A sufficient pain management includes basic analgesics, analgesics on demand as well as special features, such as regional nerve blocks and patient-controlled anesthesia (PCA). The basic analgesics are primarily the groups of classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors as well as stand by analgesics, such as metamizole. If there is further need for pain therapy, medium strong and strong opioids can be used but adverse events must be taken into consideration.

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