• Florian Schulze, Katja Bühler, André Neubauer, Armin Kanitsar, Leslie Holton, and Stefan Wolfsberger.
• VRVis Research Center for Virtual Reality and Visualization, Ltd., Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria. fschulze@vrvis.at
• Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2010 Mar 1;5(2):143-54.

PurposeVirtual endoscopy has already proven its benefit for pre-operative planning of endoscopic pituitary surgery. The translation of such a system into the operating room is a logical consequence, but only a few general intra-operative image guided systems providing virtual endoscopic images have been proposed so far. A discussion of related visualization and interaction problems occurring during sinus and pituitary surgery is still missing.MethodsThis paper aims at filling this gap and proposes a system that integrates an existing virtual endoscopy system originally designed for pre-operative planning of pituitary surgery with a professional intra-operative navigation system. Visualization and interaction possibilities of the pre-operative planning system have been extended to fulfill the special requirements to the system if used for intra-operative navigation of endonasal transsphenoidal pituitary surgery.ResultsThe feasibility of the system has been successfully tested on 1 cadaver and 12 patients. The virtual endoscopic images were found useful (1) during the endonasal transsphenoidal approach in cases of anatomic variations and for the individually tailored opening of the sellar floor, and (2) during tumor resection for respecting the internal carotid artery. The visualization of hidden anatomical structures behind the bony walls of the sphenoid sinus during the sellar phase of the surgery has been found most beneficial.DiscussionAccording to our data, intra-operative virtual endoscopy provides additional anatomical information to the surgeon. By depicting individual anatomical variations in advance, it may add to the safety of this frequent neurosurgical procedure.

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