• Tony L Yaksh, Kjersti A Horais, Nicolle A Tozier, Jeffrey W Allen, Michael Rathbun, Steven S Rossi, Claudia Sommer, Carol Meschter, Philip J Richter, and Keith R Hildebrand.
• Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA. tyaksh@ucsd.edu
• Anesthesiology. 2003 Jul 1;99(1):174-87.

BackgroundDespite the extensive use of intrathecal morphine infusion for pain, no systematic safety studies exist on its effects in high concentrations. The authors assessed the effects of morphine and clonidine given 28 days intrathecally in dogs.MethodsBeagles with lumbar intrathecal catheters received solutions delivered by a vest-mounted infusion pump. Six groups (n = 3 each) received infusions (40 microl/h) of saline or 1.5, 3, 6, 9, or 12 mg/day of morphine for 28 days. Additional groups received morphine at 40 microl/h (1.5 mg/day) plus clonidine (0.25-1.0 mg/day) or clonidine alone at 100 microg/h (4.8 mg/day).ResultsIn animals receiving 9 or 12 mg/day morphine, allodynia was observed shortly after initiation of infusion. A concentration-dependent increase in hind limb dysfunction evolved over the infusion interval. Necropsy revealed minimal reactions in saline animals. At the higher morphine concentrations (all dogs receiving 12 mg/day), there was a local inflammatory mass at the catheter tip that produced significant local tissue compression. All animals with motor dysfunction displayed masses, although all animals with masses did not show motor dysfunction. The mass, arising from the dura-arachnoid layer, consisted of multifocal accumulations of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Inflammatory cells and endothelial cells displayed significant IL1beta, TNFalpha, iNOS, and eNOS immunoreactivity. No evidence of bacterial or fungal involvement was detected. There were no other changes in spinal morphologic characteristics. In four other groups of dogs, clonidine alone had no effect and in combination with morphine reduced the morphine reaction.ConclusionsThe authors found that high intrathecal morphine concentrations lead to aseptic intrathecal inflammatory masses. The lack of effect of clonidine and the possible suppressive effects of clonidine on the local reaction suggest the utility of such coadministration.

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