• Yvonne Tatsumura, Gertraud Maskarinec, Dianne M Shumay, and Hisako Kakai.
• University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.
• Altern Ther Health Med. 2003 May 1;9(3):64-71.

ContextIn addition to seeking conventional treatment from physicians, cancer patients will often use religious and spiritual resources (RSR) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Patients' beliefs about the relationships among RSR, CAM, and conventional treatments may reflect belief systems not readily apparent to physicians.Objective1) Identify the RSR used and explore themes in beliefs regarding RSR, CAM, and conventional treatment. 2) Investigate the nature of the relationships among RSR, CAM, and conventional treatment in the lives of cancer patients.DesignCancer patients in Hawaii were recruited from a group who had previously completed a questionnaire on CAM use. In-depth interviews were conducted with a selected subset of survey participants.Participants143 cancer patients were interviewed 2 to 3 years following diagnosis.ResultsParticipants reported using a variety of RSR, including personal faith, individual (self) prayer, relationship/dialog with God, prayers from fellow church members and others, counseling from pastor/priest or leader of faith, reading the bible, attending religious services, meditation, finding and spending time at locations of spiritual energy (i.e., churches, specific geographical locations, or certain natural settings), and help or counseling by ancestor(s). They also expressed beliefs that RSR, CAM, and conventional treatment have both shared and distinct purposes. RSR themes included providing treatment or cure, supporting treatment or cure, and being part of life. CAM themes included providing treatment or cure, supporting treatment or cure, preventing cancer and recurrence, substitution for conventional treatment, and as a last resort. Participants believed the purposes of conventional treatment were to fight/cure cancer and to improve quality of life.ConclusionsRSR, CAM, and conventional treatment served both spiritual and physical purposes. When participants perceived a relationship between RSR, CAM, and conventional treatment, it reflected shared spiritual and physical purposes. Such associations were especially strong when RSR, CAM, and conventional treatment shared the common goals of providing treatment or cure and/or supporting treatment or cure. Perceptions of shared purpose were individual to each participant, with religious congruence and life history playing a role in beliefs about the relationship between RSR and CAM. Such beliefs can affect issues of control, spiritual well-being, coping, depression, decision-making, and possibly health outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, they should be addressed by clinicians in discussions with their patients.

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