• Donald S Urquhart, Jennifer Allen, Mohamed Elrayess, Katy Fidler, Nigel Klein, and Adam Jaffé.
• Portex Anaesthesia, Intensive Therapy and Respiratory Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK. UrquhD@gosh.nhs.uk
• Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 2006 Jul 1;54(4):271-6.

IntroductionClinical phenotype varies amongst cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with identical CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR) genotype, suggesting genetic modifiers exist. One potential modifier is the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene. TLR4 binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a constituent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), activating innate immunity and promoting inflammation. TLR4 polymorphisms are associated with LPS-hyporesponsiveness and may be protective in CF due to decreased inflammation.Materials And MethodsDNA was extracted from blood of recruited CF subjects, and PCR performed to establish TLR4 D299G genotype. Case-notes were reviewed to obtain clinical data. Subjects possessing the TLR4 299G allele were compared with age, sex, and CFTR genotype-matched wild-type (299DD) subjects and also with all controls.Results100 subjects (mean age 8.9 years) were studied, with 11 299DG heterozygotes identified. On case-matched analyses, no statistically significant differences between groups were found for mean +/- SEM rates of change of %predicted FEV(1)/year (0.9 +/- 2.3 (DD) vs. - 3.9 +/- 2.8 (DG), p = 0.22), %predicted FEV(1) (76 +/- 8 vs. 74 +/- 11), p = 0.91), or z scores for height ( - 0.47 +/- 0.26 vs. - 0.24 +/- 0.19, p = 0.48) and weight ( - 0.01 +/- 0.22 vs. - 0.29 +/- 0.27, p = 0.44). Median +/- SE survival age at first PA isolation was also not significantly different (3.5 +/- 2.1 vs. 6.5 +/- 2.4 years, p = 0.29). No statistically significant differences were noted when 299DG heterozygotes were compared with all controls.ConclusionsPotential reasons for absence of modifier effect include the basolateral location of TLR4 receptors on respiratory epithelium, or because inflammatory response to PA in the CF airway is so overwhelming that even a blunted response (as suggested for the 299G allele) results in increased inflammation and lung damage.

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