• Denis Tran, King-Wei Hor, Allaudin A Kamani, Victoria A Lessoway, and Robert N Rohling.
• Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. denist@ece.ubc.ca
• IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2009 Mar 1;56(3):820-7.

AbstractEpidural anesthesia is the most common form of anesthesia in obstetrics. The loss-of-resistance to saline injection is used to confirm when the needle tip enters the epidural space. This procedure is highly dependent on skill and expertise, so it is useful to quantify the tissue resistance during insertion. Sensors are used to measure the force and displacement of the plunger of the syringe and the pressure at the needle tip. A model is also developed to estimate the pressure from the force and displacement. Tests are first performed on porcine tissue to compare the continuous-pressure and intermittent-pressure versions of the technique and to compare the paramedian and midline needle approaches. The accuracy of the pressure model is 12% of peak pressure for the continuous technique and 20% for the intermittent technique. Significant differences in injection flow rate were also found for the muscle, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum flavum encountered in the two approaches. A small clinical study on human subjects was performed and again significant differences were found in flow rate for different tissues. These quantitative results improve the understanding of small differences in feel that have been previously known qualitatively and may help in the development of simulators.

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