• A Kopf, W Janson, and C Stein.
• Benjamin Franklin Schmerz-Zentrum, Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Benjamin Franklin der Freien Universität Berlin. kopf@ukbf.fu-berlin.de
• Anaesthesist. 2003 Feb 1;52(2):103-14.

AbstractIn long-term treatment opioids seem to have only minimal side-effects compared with other analgesics and co-analgesics.Nevertheless, some risks have to be considered. While immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, teratogenity, tolerance and addiction are clinically not relevant or very rare, cognitive impairment, sedation and obstipation may have a clinical impact.However, these symptoms can usually be managed by adjuvant medication and patient education. Treatment of non-malignant pain with opioids can only be considered on an individual basis. Scientific evidence for general treatment with opioids, treatment of specific pain syndromes or treatment with certain opioids is not available. In conclusion, only recommendations regarding opioid treatment for certain chronic pain syndromes can be made. In only a minority of patients can a long-term analgesic effect be expected.Therefore, careful evaluation of alternative options of pain management is necessary before opioid therapy is started. With standardized documentation responders may be distinguished from non-responders. For clinical practice of long-term opioid therapy in non-malignant pain a specialized knowledge in pain management is a prerequisite. Future studies with more sophisticated methodology will be necessary to advocate more precise guidelines.However, the therapeutic recommendations from the DGSS consensus conference allow a safer,well structured and validated use of opioids for chronic non-malignant pain.

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