• Ehab Farag, Abdulkadir Atim, Raktim Ghosh, Maria Bauer, Thilak Sreenivasalu, Michael Kot, Andrea Kurz, Jarrod E Dalton, Edward J Mascha, Loran Mounir-Soliman, Sherif Zaky, Wael Ali Sakr Esa, Belinda L Udeh, Wael Barsoum, and Daniel I Sessler.
• From the Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research (E.F.), Department of Outcomes Research (A.A., R.G., M.B., T.S., M.K., A.K., B.L.U., D.I.S.), Departments of Quantitative Health Sciences and Outcomes Research (J.E.D., E.J.M.), Department of General Anesthesiology (L.M.-S., S.Z., W.A.S.E.), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery (W.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Current affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey (A.A.); Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (R.G.); Department of Anesthesiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York (M.B.); Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (T.S., M.K.).
• Anesthesiology. 2014 Aug 1; 121 (2): 239-48.

BackgroundUltrasound guidance for continuous femoral perineural catheters may be supplemented by electrical stimulation through a needle or through a stimulating catheter. The authors tested the primary hypothesis that ultrasound guidance alone is noninferior on both postoperative pain scores and opioid requirement and superior on at least one of the two. Second, the authors compared all interventions on insertion time and incremental cost.MethodsPatients having knee arthroplasty with femoral nerve catheters were randomly assigned to catheter insertion guided by: (1) ultrasound alone (n = 147); (2) ultrasound and electrical stimulation through the needle (n = 152); or (3) ultrasound and electrical stimulation through both the needle and catheter (n = 138). Noninferiority between any two interventions was defined for pain as not more than 0.5 points worse on a 0 to 10 verbal response scale and for opioid consumption as not more than 25% greater than the mean.ResultsThe stimulating needle group was significantly noninferior to the stimulating catheter group (difference [95% CI] in mean verbal response scale pain score [stimulating needle vs. stimulating catheter] of -0.16 [-0.61 to 0.29], P < 0.001; percentage difference in mean IV morphine equivalent dose of -5% [-25 to 21%], P = 0.002) and to ultrasound-only group (difference in mean verbal response scale pain score of -0.28 [-0.72 to 0.16], P < 0.001; percentage difference in mean IV morphine equivalent dose of -2% [-22 to 25%], P = 0.006). In addition, the use of ultrasound alone for femoral nerve catheter insertion was faster and cheaper than the other two methods.ConclusionUltrasound guidance alone without adding either stimulating needle or needle/catheter combination thus seems to be the best approach to femoral perineural catheters.

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