• Tyler J Wellman, Tilo Winkler, Eduardo L V Costa, Guido Musch, R Scott Harris, Hui Zheng, Jose G Venegas, and Vidal MeloMarcos FMF.
• 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA. 2Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 3Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. 4Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
• Crit. Care Med. 2014 Jul 1; 42 (7): e491-500.

ObjectivesRegional tidal lung strain may trigger local inflammation during mechanical ventilation, particularly when additional inflammatory stimuli are present. However, it is unclear whether inflammation develops proportionally to tidal strain or only above a threshold. We aimed to 1) assess the relationship between regional tidal strain and local inflammation in vivo during the early stages of lung injury in lungs with regional aeration heterogeneity comparable to that of humans and 2) determine how this strain-inflammation relationship is affected by endotoxemia.DesignInterventional animal study.SettingExperimental laboratory and PET facility.SubjectsEighteen 2- to 4-month-old sheep.InterventionsThree groups of sheep (n = 6) were mechanically ventilated to the same plateau pressure (30-32 cm H2O) with high-strain (VT = 18.2 ± 6.5 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 0), high-strain plus IV lipopolysaccharide (VT = 18.4 ± 4.2 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 0), or low-strain plus lipopolysaccharide (VT = 8.1 ± 0.2 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 17 ± 3 cm H2O). At baseline, we acquired respiratory-gated PET scans of inhaled NN to measure tidal strain from end-expiratory and end-inspiratory images in six regions of interest. After 3 hours of mechanical ventilation, dynamic [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose scans were acquired to quantify metabolic activation, indicating local neutrophilic inflammation, in the same regions of interest.Measurements And Main ResultsBaseline regional tidal strain had a significant effect on [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose net uptake rate Ki in high-strain lipopolysaccharide (p = 0.036) and on phosphorylation rate k3 in high-strain (p = 0.027) and high-strain lipopolysaccharide (p = 0.004). Lipopolysaccharide exposure increased the k3-tidal strain slope three-fold (p = 0.009), without significant lung edema. The low-strain lipopolysaccharide group showed lower baseline regional tidal strain (0.33 ± 0.17) than high-strain (1.21 ± 0.62; p < 0.001) or high-strain lipopolysaccharide (1.26 ± 0.44; p < 0.001) and lower k3 (p < 0.001) and Ki (p < 0.05) than high-strain lipopolysaccharide.ConclusionsLocal inflammation develops proportionally to regional tidal strain during early lung injury. The regional inflammatory effect of strain is greatly amplified by IV lipopolysaccharide. Tidal strain enhances local [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake primarily by increasing the rate of intracellular [F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose phosphorylation.

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