• Marcella C A Müller, Pieter R Tuinman, Alexander P Vlaar, Anita M Tuip, Kelly Maijoor, Achmed Achouiti, Cornelis Van t Veer, Margreeth B Vroom, and Nicole P Juffermans.
• Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Centre at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anaesthesiology (L.E.I.C.A.), Academic Medical Centre at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
• Blood Transfus Italy. 2014 Jul 1;12(3):368-75.

BackgroundThe incidence of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) in cardiac surgery patients is high and this condition contributes to an adverse outcome. Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules, HMGB1 and S100A12, are thought to mediate inflammatory changes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. We aimed to determine whether DAMP are involved in the pathogenesis of TRALI in cardiac surgery patients.Materials And MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational trial in cardiac surgery patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in the Netherlands. Fourteen TRALI cases were randomly matched with 32 transfused and non-transfused controls. Pulmonary levels of HMGB1, S100A12 and inflammatory cytokines (interleukins-1β, -6, and -8 and tumour necrosis factor-α) were determined when TRALI evolved. In addition, systemic and pulmonary levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) were determined.ResultsHMGB1 expression and levels of sRAGE in TRALI patients did not differ from those in controls. There was a trend towards higher S100A12 levels in TRALI patients compared to the controls. Furthermore, S100A12 levels were associated with increased levels of markers of pulmonary inflammation, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass, hypoxemia and duration of mechanical ventilation.ConclusionNo evidence was found that HMGB1 and sRAGE contribute to the development of TRALI. S100A12 is associated with duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, pulmonary inflammation, hypoxia and prolonged mechanical ventilation and may contribute to acute lung injury in cardiac surgery patients.

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