• Genís Carrasco, Nacho Baeza, Lluís Cabré, Eugenia Portillo, Gemma Gimeno, David Manzanedo, and Milagros Calizaya.
• All authors: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, SCIAS Hospital de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
• Crit. Care Med. 2016 Jul 1; 44 (7): 1295-306.

ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical effectiveness, safety, and cost of dexmedetomidine for the treatment of agitated delirium refractory to haloperidol in nonintubated critically ill patients.DesignNonrandomized, controlled trial.SettingIntensive care department of a tertiary care nonprofit hospital.PatientsAll consecutive admissions to a medical-surgical ICU with a diagnosis of agitated delirium.InterventionsInitial haloperidol titration: all patients received IV bolus doses of haloperidol until agitation was controlled (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale scoring range, 0 to -2) or reaching the maximum daily dose. Group comparison: patient responders to haloperidol (control group) were compared with nonresponders (dexmedetomidine group).Measurements And Main ResultsA total of 132 nonintubated patients were treated with haloperidol in the initial haloperidol titration phase. Forty-six patients (34.8%; 95% CI, 26.0-43.1%) did not respond to haloperidol, and 86 patients (65.2%; 95% CI, 56.3-73.0%) were responders. During the group comparison phase, dexmedetomidine achieved a higher percentage of time in satisfactory sedation levels than did haloperidol (92.7% [95% CI, 84.5-99.8%] vs 59.3% [95% CI, 48.6-69.3%], respectively; p = 0.0001). Haloperidol was associated with 10 cases (11.6% [95% CI, 6.5-21.2%]) of oversedation and two (2.0% [0.4-8%]) of corrected QT lengthening. Direct cost of dexmedetomidine was 17 times greater than haloperidol, but it achieved a mean savings of $4,370 per patient due to the reduction in length of ICU stay.ConclusionsIn the study conditions, dexmedetomidine shows to be useful as a rescue drug for treating agitation due to delirium in nonintubated patients in whom haloperidol has failed, and it seems to have a better effectiveness, safety, and cost-benefit profile than does haloperidol.

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