• Br J Clin Pharmacol · Mar 2011

    Review

    Methods in pharmacology: measurement of cardiac output.

    • Bart F Geerts, Leon P Aarts, and Jos R Jansen.
    • Departments of Anaesthesiology Intensive Care Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. b.f.geerts@lumc.nl
    • Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Mar 1;71(3):316-30.

    AbstractMany methods of cardiac output measurement have been developed, but the number of methods useful for human pharmacological studies is limited. The 'holy grail' for the measurement of cardiac output would be a method that is accurate, precise, operator independent, fast responding, non-invasive, continuous, easy to use, cheap and safe. This method does not exist today. In this review on cardiac output methods used in pharmacology, the Fick principle, indicator dilution techniques, arterial pulse contour analysis, ultrasound and bio-impedance are reviewed.© 2011 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology © 2011 The British Pharmacological Society.

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