• Alicia Gruber Kalamas and Claus U Niemann.
• Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus Avenue, PO Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143-0648, USA. Electronic address: grubera@anesthesia.ucsf.edu.
• Med. Clin. North Am. 2013 Nov 1;97(6):1109-22.

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide. Roughly 1 in 10 adult Americans has CKD. These patients are at significant risk for excessive morbidity and mortality during the perioperative period. Given the health and cost burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), preventing or avoiding progression of CKD to ESRD is critical. Therefore, identifying risk factors and implementing risk mitigation strategies to prevent further deterioration of renal function during the perioperative period is of paramount importance. This article reviews patient risk stratification, preoperative evaluation and management, and perioperative interventions for renal protection.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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