• Gabrielle Campbell, Raimondo Bruno, Nicholas Lintzeris, Milton Cohen, Suzanne Nielsen, Wayne Hall, Briony Larance, Richard P Mattick, Fiona Blyth, Michael Farrell, and Louisa Degenhardt.
• aNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia bSchool of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia cSydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, Australia dThe Langton Centre, South East Sydney Local Health District (SESLHD) Drug and Alcohol Services, Sydney, Australia eSt Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia fCentre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia gNational Addiction Centre, Kings College London, United Kingdom hSchool of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia iMurdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia jDepartment of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, WA, USA.
• Pain. 2016 Jul 1; 157 (7): 1489-98.

AbstractThe International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) are routinely used in diagnosing illicit substance use disorders, but for people taking prescribed opioids they remain controversial. In pain medicine, the concept of "Addiction" is preferred with reduced emphasis on tolerance and withdrawal. This article examines the prevalence and characteristics of pharmaceutical opioid dependence/disorder according to ICD, DSM, and the pain medicine concept of "Addiction," among chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) patients prescribed opioids. In the current study, we used data from a national sample of 1134 people prescribed opioids for CNCP. Past 12-month "Addiction" (based on Pain Medicine definition), DSM, and ICD dependence definitions were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Twenty-four percent of the cohort met the criteria for "Addiction," 18% for DSM-5 use disorder and 19% for ICD-11 dependence. There was "substantial" concordance between "Addiction" and both DSM-5 use disorder and ICD-11 dependence, although concordance was much greater with ICD-11 dependence (kappa = 0.63 and 0.79, respectively). Participants meeting the criteria for "Addiction" only were older, less likely to engage in nonadherent behaviours, self-reported fewer problems or concerns with their medication, and had lower rates of psychological distress than those who also met the DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. The definition of "Addiction" captures a larger group of patients than other classification systems and includes people with fewer "risk" behaviours. Despite removal of tolerance and withdrawal for prescribed opioid use for DSM-5, we found that "Addiction" was more closely related to an ICD-11 diagnosis of pharmaceutical opioid dependence.

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