• Matthew J Maiden, Sophia Otto, John K Brealey, Mark E Finnis, Marianne J Chapman, Tim R Kuchel, Coralie H Nash, Jason Edwards, and Rinaldo Bellomo.
• 1 Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016 Sep 15; 194 (6): 692-700.

RationaleIt is unclear how septic shock causes acute kidney injury (AKI) and whether this is associated with histological change.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the nature and extent of changes in renal structure and function over time in an ovine model of septic shock.MethodsFifteen sheep were instrumented with a renal artery flow probe and renal vein cannula. Ten were given intravenous Escherichia coli to induce septic shock, and five acted as controls. Animals were mechanically ventilated for 48 hours, while receiving protocol-guided parenteral fluids and a norepinephrine infusion to maintain mean arterial pressure. Renal biopsies were taken every 24 hours or whenever animals were oliguric for 2 hours. A renal pathologist, blinded to tissue source, systematically quantified histological appearance by light and electron microscopy for 31 prespecified structural changes.Measurements And Main ResultsSheep given E. coli developed septic shock, oliguria, increased serum creatinine, and reduced creatinine clearance (AKI), but there were no changes over time in renal blood flow between groups (P > 0.30) or over time within groups (P > 0.50). Renal oxygen consumption increased only in nonseptic animals (P = 0.01), but there was no between-group difference in renal lactate flux (P > 0.50). There was little structural disturbance in all biopsies and, although some cellular appearances changed over time, the only difference between septic and nonseptic animals was mesangial expansion on electron microscopy.ConclusionsIn an intensive care-supported model of gram-negative septic shock, early AKI was not associated with changes in renal blood flow, oxygen delivery, or histological appearance. Other mechanisms must contribute to septic AKI.

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