• W I M Willaert, R Aggarwal, I Van Herzeele, K O'Donoghue, P A Gaines, A W Darzi, F E Vermassen, N J Cheshire, and European Virtual Reality Endovascular Research Team EVEResT.
• Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, 10th Floor QEQM Building, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, UK. w.willaert@imperial.ac.uk
• Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Apr 1;41(4):492-500.

ObjectiveThe ability to perform patient-specific simulated rehearsal of complex endovascular interventions is a technological advance with potential benefits to patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate whether patient-specific rehearsal of a carotid artery stenting (CAS) procedure has an influence on tool selection and the use of fluoroscopy.MethodsFollowing case note and computed tomography (CT) angiographic review of a real patient case, subjects performed the CAS procedure on a virtual reality simulator. Endovascular tool requirements and fluoroscopic angles were evaluated with a pre- and post-case questionnaire. Participants also rated the simulation from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent).ResultsThirty-three endovascular physicians with varying degrees of CAS experience were recruited: inexperienced (5-20 CAS procedures) n = 11, moderately (21-50 CAS procedures) n = 7 or highly experienced (>50 CAS procedures) n = 15. For all participants, 96 of a possible 363 changes (26%) were observed from pre- to post-case questionnaires. This was most notable for optimal fluoroscopy C-arm position 15/33 (46%), choice of selective catheter 13/33 (39%), choice of sheath or guiding catheter 11/33 (33%) and balloon dilatation strategy 10/33 (30%). Experience with the CAS procedure did not influence the degree of change significantly (p > 0.05), and all groups exhibited a considerable modification in tool and fluoroscopy preference. The model was considered realistic and useful as a tool to practice a real case (median score 4/5).ConclusionPatient-specific simulated rehearsal of a complex endovascular procedure strongly influences tool selection and fluoroscopy preferences for the real case. Further research has to evaluate how this technology may transfer from in vitro to in vivo and if it can reduce the radiation dose and the number of endovascular tools used and improve outcomes for patients in the clinical setting.Copyright © 2010 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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