• Med. Clin. North Am. · Jan 2016

    Review

    An Overview of Pharmacologic Management of Chronic Pain.

    • Benjamin R Beal and Mark S Wallace.
    • Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
    • Med. Clin. North Am. 2016 Jan 1; 100 (1): 65-79.

    AbstractPatients with chronic pain can be challenging to manage and historically providers have relied on opiates to treat pain. Recent studies have brought into question the safety and efficacy of chronic opiate therapy in the noncancer population. There is a vast amount of literature to support the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, topical agents, cannabinoids, and botulinum toxin either in conjunction with or in lieu of opioids. Intrathecal drug delivery systems can deliver some of these medications directly to their primary site of action while minimizing the side effects seen with systemic administration.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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