• Judith Gedney Baggs, Sally A Norton, Madeline H Schmitt, Mary T Dombeck, Craig R Sellers, and Jill R Quinn.
• School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-2941, USA. baggsj@ohsu.edu
• J Crit Care. 2007 Jun 1; 22 (2): 159168159-68.

PurposePrior researchers studying end-of-life decision making (EOLDM) in intensive care units (ICUs) often have collected data retrospectively and aggregated data across units. There has been little research, however, about how cultures differ among ICUs. This research was designed to study limitation of treatment decision making in real time and to evaluate similarities and differences in the cultural contexts of 4 ICUs and the relationship of those contexts to EOLDM.Materials And MethodsEthnographic field work took place in 4 adult ICUs in a tertiary care hospital. Participants were health care providers (eg, physicians, nurses, and social workers), patients, and their family members. Participant observation and interviews took place 5 days a week for 7 months in each unit.ResultsThe ICUs were not monolithic. There were similarities, but important differences in EOLDM were identified in formal and informal rules, meaning and uses of technology, physician roles and relationships, processes such as unit rounds, and timing of initiation of EOLDM.ConclusionsAs interventions to improve EOLDM are developed, it will be important to understand how they may interact with unit cultures. Attempting to develop one intervention to be used in all ICUs is unlikely to be successful.

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