• Eric M Thompson, Thomas Hielscher, Eric Bouffet, Marc Remke, Betty Luu, Sridharan Gururangan, Roger E McLendon, Darell D Bigner, Eric S Lipp, Sebastien Perreault, Yoon-Jae Cho, Gerald Grant, Seung-Ki Kim, Ji Yeoun Lee, RaoAmulya A NageswaraAANDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA., Caterina Giannini, LiKay Ka WaiKKWDepartment of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China., Ho-Keung Ng, Yu Yao, Toshihiro Kumabe, Teiji Tominaga, Wieslawa A Grajkowska, Marta Perek-Polnik, LowDavid C YDCYNeurosurgical Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore., Wan Tew Seow, ChangKenneth T EKTEDepartment of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore., Jaume Mora, Ian F Pollack, Ronald L Hamilton, Sarah Leary, Andrew S Moore, Wendy J Ingram, Andrew R Hallahan, Anne Jouvet, Michelle Fèvre-Montange, Alexandre Vasiljevic, Cecile Faure-Conter, Tomoko Shofuda, Naoki Kagawa, Naoya Hashimoto, Nada Jabado, Alexander G Weil, Tenzin Gayden, Takafumi Wataya, Tarek Shalaby, Michael Grotzer, Karel Zitterbart, Jaroslav Sterba, Leos Kren, Tibor Hortobágyi, Almos Klekner, Bognár László, Tímea Pócza, Peter Hauser, Ulrich Schüller, Shin Jung, Woo-Youl Jang, Pim J French, Johan M Kros, van VeelenMarie-Lise CMCDepartment of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands., Luca Massimi, Jeffrey R Leonard, Joshua B Rubin, Rajeev Vibhakar, Lola B Chambless, Michael K Cooper, Reid C Thompson, Claudia C Faria, Alice Carvalho, Sofia Nunes, José Pimentel, Xing Fan, Karin M Muraszko, Enrique López-Aguilar, David Lyden, Livia Garzia, ShihDavid J HDJHDevelopmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada., Noriyuki Kijima, Christian Schneider, Jennifer Adamski, Paul A Northcott, Marcel Kool, JonesDavid T WDTWDivision of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany., Jennifer A Chan, Ana Nikolic, Maria Luisa Garre, Erwin G Van Meir, Satoru Osuka, Jeffrey J Olson, Arman Jahangiri, Brandyn A Castro, Nalin Gupta, William A Weiss, Iska Moxon-Emre, Donald J Mabbott, Alvaro Lassaletta, Cynthia E Hawkins, Uri Tabori, James Drake, Abhaya Kulkarni, Peter Dirks, James T Rutka, Andrey Korshunov, Stefan M Pfister, Roger J Packer, Vijay Ramaswamy, and Michael D Taylor.
• Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
• Lancet Oncol. 2016 Apr 1; 17 (4): 484-495.

BackgroundPatients with incomplete surgical resection of medulloblastoma are controversially regarded as having a marker of high-risk disease, which leads to patients undergoing aggressive surgical resections, so-called second-look surgeries, and intensified chemoradiotherapy. All previous studies assessing the clinical importance of extent of resection have not accounted for molecular subgroup. We analysed the prognostic value of extent of resection in a subgroup-specific manner.MethodsWe retrospectively identified patients who had a histological diagnosis of medulloblastoma and complete data about extent of resection and survival from centres participating in the Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium. We collected from resections done between April, 1997, and February, 2013, at 35 international institutions. We established medulloblastoma subgroup affiliation by gene expression profiling on frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We classified extent of resection on the basis of postoperative imaging as gross total resection (no residual tumour), near-total resection (<1·5 cm(2) tumour remaining), or sub-total resection (≥1·5 cm(2) tumour remaining). We did multivariable analyses of overall survival and progression-free survival using the variables molecular subgroup (WNT, SHH, group 4, and group 3), age (<3 vs ≥3 years old), metastatic status (metastases vs no metastases), geographical location of therapy (North America/Australia vs rest of the world), receipt of chemotherapy (yes vs no) and receipt of craniospinal irradiation (<30 Gy or >30 Gy vs no craniospinal irradiation). The primary analysis outcome was the effect of extent of resection by molecular subgroup and the effects of other clinical variables on overall and progression-free survival.FindingsWe included 787 patients with medulloblastoma (86 with WNT tumours, 242 with SHH tumours, 163 with group 3 tumours, and 296 with group 4 tumours) in our multivariable Cox models of progression-free and overall survival. We found that the prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into account. We identified a progression-free survival benefit for gross total resection over sub-total resection (hazard ratio [HR] 1·45, 95% CI 1·07-1·96, p=0·16) but no overall survival benefit (HR 1·23, 0·87-1·72, p=0·24). We saw no progression-free survival or overall survival benefit for gross total resection compared with near-total resection (HR 1·05, 0·71-1·53, p=0·8158 for progression-free survival and HR 1·14, 0·75-1·72, p=0·55 for overall survival). No significant survival benefit existed for greater extent of resection for patients with WNT, SHH, or group 3 tumours (HR 1·03, 0·67-1·58, p=0·89 for sub-total resection vs gross total resection). For patients with group 4 tumours, gross total resection conferred a benefit to progression-free survival compared with sub-total resection (HR 1·97, 1·22-3·17, p=0·0056), especially for those with metastatic disease (HR 2·22, 1·00-4·93, p=0·050). However, gross total resection had no effect on overall survival compared with sub-total resection in patients with group 4 tumours (HR 1·67, 0·93-2·99, p=0·084).InterpretationThe prognostic benefit of increased extent of resection for patients with medulloblastoma is attenuated after molecular subgroup affiliation is taken into account. Although maximum safe surgical resection should remain the standard of care, surgical removal of small residual portions of medulloblastoma is not recommended when the likelihood of neurological morbidity is high because there is no definitive benefit to gross total resection compared with near-total resection.FundingCanadian Cancer Society Research Institute, Terry Fox Research Institute, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Institutes of Health, Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, and the Garron Family Chair in Childhood Cancer Research.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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