• Rachel Denholm, Joachim Schüz, Kurt Straif, Isabelle Stücker, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Darren R Brenner, Sara De Matteis, Paolo Boffetta, Florence Guida, Irene Brüske, Heinz-Erich Wichmann, Maria Teresa Landi, Neil Caporaso, Jack Siemiatycki, Wolfgang Ahrens, Hermann Pohlabeln, David Zaridze, John K Field, John McLaughlin, Paul Demers, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Jolanta Lissowska, Peter Rudnai, Eleonora Fabianova, Rodica Stanescu Dumitru, Vladimir Bencko, Lenka Foretova, Vladimir Janout, Benjamin Kendzia, Susan Peters, Thomas Behrens, Roel Vermeulen, Thomas Brüning, Hans Kromhout, and Ann C Olsson.
• 1 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014 Sep 1; 190 (5): 549559549-59.

RationalePrevious respiratory diseases have been associated with increased risk of lung cancer. Respiratory conditions often co-occur and few studies have investigated multiple conditions simultaneously.ObjectivesInvestigate lung cancer risk associated with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and asthma.MethodsThe SYNERGY project pooled information on previous respiratory diseases from 12,739 case subjects and 14,945 control subjects from 7 case-control studies conducted in Europe and Canada. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate the relationship between individual diseases adjusting for co-occurring conditions, and patterns of respiratory disease diagnoses and lung cancer. Analyses were stratified by sex, and adjusted for age, center, ever-employed in a high-risk occupation, education, smoking status, cigarette pack-years, and time since quitting smoking.Measurements And Main ResultsChronic bronchitis and emphysema were positively associated with lung cancer, after accounting for other respiratory diseases and smoking (e.g., in men: odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.48 and OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.21-1.87, respectively). A positive relationship was observed between lung cancer and pneumonia diagnosed 2 years or less before lung cancer (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 2.33-4.70 for men), but not longer. Co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema and/or pneumonia had a stronger positive association with lung cancer than chronic bronchitis "only." Asthma had an inverse association with lung cancer, the association being stronger with an asthma diagnosis 5 years or more before lung cancer compared with shorter.ConclusionsFindings from this large international case-control consortium indicate that after accounting for co-occurring respiratory diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema continue to have a positive association with lung cancer.

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