• Pierre Singer, Michael Hiesmayr, Gianni Biolo, Thomas W Felbinger, Mette M Berger, Christiane Goeters, Jens Kondrup, Christian Wunder, and Claude Pichard.
• General Intensive Care Department and Institute of Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Electronic address: psinger@clalit.org.il.
• Clin Nutr. 2014 Apr 1;33(2):246-51.

Background & AimsSince the publications of the ESPEN guidelines on enteral and parenteral nutrition in ICU, numerous studies have added information to assist the nutritional management of critically ill patients regarding the recognition of the right population to feed, the energy-protein targeting, the route and the timing to start.MethodsWe reviewed and discussed the literature related to nutrition in the ICU from 2006 until October 2013.ResultsTo identify safe, minimal and maximal amounts for the different nutrients and at the different stages of the acute illness is necessary. These amounts might be specific for different phases in the time course of the patient's illness. The best approach is to target the energy goal defined by indirect calorimetry. High protein intake (1.5 g/kg/d) is recommended during the early phase of the ICU stay, regardless of the simultaneous calorie intake. This recommendation can reduce catabolism. Later on, high protein intake remains recommended, likely combined with a sufficient amount of energy to avoid proteolysis.ConclusionsPragmatic recommendations are proposed to practically optimize nutritional therapy based on recent publications. However, on some issues, there is insufficient evidence to make expert recommendations.Copyright © 2014 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

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