• R G Loudon.
• Clin. Chest Med. 1987 Jun 1;8(2):265-72.

AbstractAccurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. After history-taking, the physical examination is second in importance in assessing a pulmonary patient. The time-honored sequence of inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation is appropriate. Diagnostic tests are becoming more complex, more expensive, and more inclined to separate the patient and physician. The stethoscope is still the more commonly used diagnostic medical instrument, but it is not always used to best advantage. It is familiar, harmless, portable, and inexpensive. Its appropriate use improves medical practice and reduces costs. Improvements in sound recording and analysis techniques have spurred a renewed interest in lung sounds and their meaning. This is likely to lead to better understanding of what we hear, and perhaps to the development of new noninvasive diagnostic and monitoring techniques.

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