• H Göbel, A Heinze, K Heinze-Kuhn, and K Austermann.
• Neurologisch-verhaltensmedizinische Schmerzklinik Kiel in Kooperation mit der Universität Kiel, Heikendorfer Weg 9-27, 24149 Kiel. kiel@Schmerzklinik.de
• Nervenarzt. 2001 Apr 1;72(4):261-74.

AbstractFor 20 years botulinum toxin A has been used for the treatment of a variety of disorders characterised by pathologically increased muscle contraction. Recently, treatment of tension headache, migraine, cluster headache, and myofascial pain syndromes of neck, shoulder girdle, and back with botulinum toxin A has become a rapidly expanding new field of research. Several modes of action are discussed for these indications. The blockade of cholinergic innervation reduces muscular hyperactivity for 3 to 6 months. Degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system of the head and neck are prevented. Nociceptive afferences and blood vessels of the pericranial muscles are decompressed and muscular trigger points and tender points are resolved. The normalisation of muscle spindle activity leads to a normalisation of muscle tone and central control mechanisms of muscle activity. Oromandibular dysfunction is eliminated and muscular stress removed. However, the effect of botulinum toxin A cannot be explained by muscular actions only. Its retrograde uptake into the central nervous system modulates the expression of substance P and enkephalins in the spinal cord and nucleus raphe. Recent findings suggest an inhibition of sterile inflammation which may lead to a blockade of the neurogenic inflammation believed to be the pathophysiological substrate of primary headache disorders. The efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of pain disorders is being investigated in several studies at the moment. The results and experiences obtained so far present new alternatives in the treatment of chronic pain disorders. The practical use of botulinum toxin A is demonstrated.

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