• David J Loane and Alan I Faden.
• Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), National Study Center for Trauma and Emergency Medical Systems, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2010 Dec 1;31(12):596-604.

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) causes secondary biochemical changes that contribute to subsequent tissue damage and associated neuronal cell death. Neuroprotective treatments that limit secondary tissue loss and/or improve behavioral outcome have been well established in multiple animal models of TBI. However, translation of such neuroprotective strategies to human injury have been disappointing, with the failure of more than thirty controlled clinical trials. Both conceptual issues and methodological differences between preclinical and clinical injury have undoubtedly contributed to these translational difficulties. More recently, changes in experimental approach, as well as altered clinical trial methodologies, have raised cautious optimism regarding the outcomes of future clinical trials. Here we critically review developing experimental neuroprotective strategies that show promise, and we propose criteria for improving the probability of successful clinical translation.Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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