• Elizabeth A Bruce, Richard F Howard, and Linda S Franck.
• Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK. L.Bruce@ich.ucl.ac.uk
• J Clin Nurs. 2006 Feb 1;15(2):145-54.

Aims And ObjectivesThe purpose of this review was to analyse critically the published research on chest drain removal pain and its management. The findings of descriptive and non-pharmacological intervention studies were summarized and studies of analgesic efficacy were critiqued in depth.BackgroundThe removal of a chest drain is a painful and frightening experience, particularly for children. However, there is limited research regarding the amount of pain experienced or effectiveness of analgesia for this procedure.ResultsFourteen studies were reviewed, including five descriptive studies; three studies of non-pharmacological interventions; and six randomized controlled trials of morphine, local anaesthetics and Entonox. The search revealed only two paediatric studies. Many of the studies had design limitations or were poorly reported. The majority of studies indicated that patients experienced moderate to severe pain during chest drain removal, even when morphine or local anaesthetics were given.ConclusionsMorphine alone does not provide satisfactory analgesia for chest drain removal pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anaesthetics and inhalation agents may have a role to play in providing more effective analgesia for this procedure.Relevance To Clinical PracticeAnalgesic protocols for the management of painful procedures such as chest drain removal are unsatisfactory and practice in this area should be revised. More research is needed to determine the efficacy of drugs other than morphine, particularly Entonox and to investigate multi-modal techniques of management further.

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