• Adam Harmat, Robert N Rohling, and Septimiu E Salcudean.
• Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. rohling@ece.ubc.ca
• Ultrasound Med Biol. 2006 Sep 1;32(9):1339-48.

AbstractPower Doppler ultrasound is used to localize the tip of a needle by detecting physical vibrations. Two types of vibrations are investigated, lateral and axial. The lateral vibrations are created by rotating a stylet, whose tip is slightly bent, inside a stationary cannula while the stylet is completely within the cannula. The minute deflection at the needle tip when rotated causes tissue motion. The axial vibration is induced by extending and retracting a straight stylet inside a stationary cannula. The stylet's tip makes contact with the tissue and causes it to move. The lateral vibration method was found to perform approximately the same under a variety of configurations (e.g., different insertion angles and depths) and better than the axial vibration method. Tissue stiffness affects the performance of the lateral vibration method, but good images can be obtained through proper tuning of the ultrasound machine.

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