• D M Boyle, G Abernathy, L Baker, and A C Wall.
• Inova Fairfax Cancer Center Gill Abernathy, USA.
• Oncol Nurs Forum. 1998 Sep 1;25(8):1335-43.

Purpose/ObjectivesTo review the literature on confusion at the end of life, provide accurate definitional and defining characteristics of confusion, and outline nursing strategies for its resolution.Data SourcesPublished articles, computerized databases, book chapters, reference lists from chapters and journal articles.Data SynthesisAs a major component of symptom distress in terminal care, confusion has not been defined clearly and therefore has not benefited from rigorous assessment and study as have other end-of-life symptoms.ConclusionsIncreased knowledge about confusion that occurs in patients with widely metastatic cancer will assist in accurate symptom identification, early recognition, and timely management to reduce cognitive symptom distress at the end of life. Improved symptom resolution also can benefit family coping during terminal care.Implications For Nursing PracticeOncology nurses can devise management protocols for confused patients that include screening criteria, pharmacologic interventions, environmental support, and prophylactic safety measures.

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