• Adrian T Bösenberg.
• Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa. Adrian.Bosenberg@uct.ac.za
• Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007 Jun 1;20(3):204-10.

Purpose Of ReviewTo highlight the problems faced in developing countries where healthcare resources are limited, with particular emphasis on pediatric anesthesia.Recent FindingsThe fact that very few publications address pediatric anesthesia in the developing world is not surprising given that most anesthetics are provided by nonphysicians, nurses or unqualified personnel. In compiling this article information is drawn from pediatric surgical, anesthetic and related texts. In a recent survey more than 80% of anesthesia providers in a poor country acknowledged that with the limited resources available they could not provide basic anesthesia for children less than 5 years. Although many publications could be regarded as anecdotal, the similarities to this survey suggest that the lack of facilities is more generalized than we would like to believe.SummaryThe real risk of anesthesia in comparison to other major health risks such as human immunodeficiency virus, malaria, tuberculosis and trauma remains undetermined. The critical shortage of manpower remains a barrier to progress. Despite erratic electrical supplies, inconsistent oxygen delivery, paucity of drugs or equipment and on occasion even lack of running water, many provide life-saving anesthesia. Perioperative morbidity and mortality is, however, understandably high by developed world standards.

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