• T Wiesmann, T Steinfeldt, T Volk, U Schwemmer, P Kessler, and H Wulf.
• Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg, Philipps-Universität, Baldinger Str., 35033, Marburg, Deutschland, wiesmann@med.uni-marburg.de.
• Anaesthesist. 2014 Nov 1;63(11):875-82.

AbstractVisualization and verification are key factors since the implementation of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia. This article reviews and discusses newer technical innovations in regional anesthesia with regard to optimization of needle guidance, improvements in needle visibility, technical improvements in ultrasound techniques and innovative technologies in regional anesthesia. Clinically available applications are presented as well as experimental tools and techniques with a potential for clinical implementation in the future. Mechanical needle guides are used to improve alignment of needle axis and ultrasound beam axis. Compound imaging technology improves needle visibility in steep needle insertion angles and is already implemented in daily clinical practice. Sonoelastography improves tissue discrimination and detection of small amounts of fluids. Benefits of 3D and 4D ultrasound in regional anesthesia are discussed as well as experimental tools for tissue discrimination, such as optical reflection spectrophotometry.

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