• Dennis P Scanlon, Jeffrey A Alexander, Jeff Beich, Jon B Christianson, Romana Hasnain-Wynia, Megan C McHugh, Jessica N Mittler, Yunfeng Shi, and Laura J Bodenschatz.
• Department of Health Policy and Administration, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dpscanlon@psu.edu
• Am J Manag Care. 2012 Sep 1; 18 (6 Suppl): s165-76.

ObjectiveThe Aligning Forces for Quality (AF4Q) initiative is the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's (RWJF's) signature effort to increase the overall quality of healthcare in targeted communities throughout the country. In addition to sponsoring this 16-site, complex program, the RWJF funds an independent scientific evaluation to support objective research on the initiative's effectiveness and contributions to basic knowledge in 5 core programmatic areas. The research design, data, and challenges faced in the evaluation of this 10-year initiative are discussed.Study DesignA descriptive overview of the evaluation research design for a multi-site, community based, healthcare quality improvement initiative is provided.MethodsThe multiphase research design employed by the evaluation team is discussed.ResultsEvaluation provides formative feedback to the RWJF, participants, and other interested audiences in real time; develops approaches to assess innovative and under-studied interventions; furthers the analysis and understanding of effective community-based collaborative work in healthcare; and helps to differentiate the various facilitators, barriers, and contextual dimensions that affect the implementation and outcomes of community-based health interventions.ConclusionsThe AF4Q initiative is arguably the largest community-level healthcare improvement demonstration in the United States to date; it is being implemented at a time of rapid change in national healthcare policy. The implementation of large-scale, multi-site initiatives is becoming an increasingly common approach for addressing problems in healthcare. The evaluation research design for the AF4Q initiative, and the lessons learned from its approach, may be valuable to others tasked with evaluating similar community-based initiatives.

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