• F Skorpen, S von Hofacker, M Bjørngaard, A H Skogholt, O Dale, S Kaasa, and P Klepstad.
• Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
• Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Sep 1; 60 (8): 1084-91.

BackgroundGenetic variability contributes to variable clinical response to opioids. This study emerged from the observation of three Norwegian patients who showed no or extraordinary poor response to very high doses of opioids. We suspected a genetic defect and applied a 'most likely candidate gene' approach to investigate this possibility.MethodsDNA sequencing was used to search for mutations in coding regions of the OPRM1 gene, encoding the μ opioid receptor (hMOR), in one patient. The remaining two patients, and two cohorts comprising 2158 European cancer pain patients and 600 Norwegian healthy volunteers, respectively, were genotyped using a custom-made TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination assay.ResultsDNA sequencing disclosed a homozygous, inactivating Arg181Cys mutation in hMOR in the patient who showed no effects from opioids. The two patients with poor effect from very high doses of opioids were both heterozygous for the mutation. Six heterozygous patients identified among the European cancer patients all used high doses of opioids and/or reported inferior effect on their pain. About one in every 100 Norwegians is heterozygous for the mutation.ConclusionsThe Arg181Cys mutation occurs at clinically relevant frequencies and produces a signaling dead hMOR which may abolish or significantly reduce opioid effects in affected individuals. Anesthesiologists and practitioners in pain medicine should be aware of this mutation as a possible explanation for inefficiency of opioids and consider genotyping in relevant cases. Individuals homozygous for the mutation may need a highly personalized approach to pain therapy.© 2016 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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