• R M Williams.
• University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor.
• J Ambul Care Manage. 1993 Oct 1; 16 (4): 20-6.

AbstractEDs are the access of last resort for many Americans, and cost-driven reform initiatives that restrict ED utilization could deter people from seeking necessary and timely medical services. The experience in Canada under universal coverage suggests that major reform could lead to a substantial increase in ED utilization, especially in view of the relative shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Many hospitals could face short-term overcrowding problems that compromise the quality of care provided in EDs, and rural hospital EDs face specific and unique problems relative to competition and cost efficiency. Integration of emergency services into comprehensive health delivery systems under the concept of managed competition is essential to ensure access and cost-effective delivery of services. The hospital ED may well serve as an important focal point in the development of alternative physician-hospital relationships.

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