• Patricia Ruopp, Mary-Jo Delvecchio Good, Matthew Lakoma, Nina M Gadmer, Robert M Arnold, and Susan D Block.
• Department of Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. patricia_ruopp@hms.harvard.edu
• J Palliat Med. 2005 Jun 1; 8 (3): 510-20.

BackgroundThe goal of the larger study was to explore physicians' emotional responses to the death of their patients; this study analyzed a subset of physician transcripts to elucidate the construct of questioning care, which emerged from the larger study.ObjectiveTo analyzes how physicians question care-expressing concern, unease, or uncertainty about treatment decisions and practices, errors, or adverse events-as they attend dying patients.DesignRetrospective interview study of physicians caring for randomly selected deaths on the medical service of a major academic teaching hospital, using qualitative and quantitative measures. SETTING, SUBJECTS: 188 attendings, residents, and interns on the internal medical services of two academic medical centers were part of the larger study. A subsample of 75 physician narratives was selected for qualitative data analysis for this study.MeasurementsQualitative measures included open-ended questions eliciting physicians' stories of the most recent and a most emotionally powerful patient death they have experienced. Grounded theory was used to analyze physician narratives. Quantitative instruments measured physician attitudes toward end-of-life care and responses to the most recent and most emotional patient death.ResultsPhysicians question care more frequently in most emotional deaths (42%) than in most recent deaths (34%). Physicians question communication with patients and families and within medical teams, medical judgment and technique, standards of practice, and high-risk treatments, often assigning responsibility for medical management they perceive as inappropriate, futile, overly aggressive, or mistakes in judgment and technique. Responsibility ranges from the distal (the culture of medicine) to the proximal (personal). Frustration, guilt, and anger are more frequently expressed in these narratives when care is questioned.ConclusionsA typology of questioning care emerged from these physicians' narratives that parallels and reflects recent and classic research on medical error and the culture of medicine. Physicians' questions about care can contribute to designing training experiences for residents and to improving the quality of systems that affect patients' experiences at life's end and physicians' experiences in caring for dying patients.

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