• Katherine E Fleming-Dutra, Adam L Hersh, Daniel J Shapiro, Monina Bartoces, Eva A Enns, Thomas M File, Jonathan A Finkelstein, Jeffrey S Gerber, David Y Hyun, Jeffrey A Linder, Ruth Lynfield, David J Margolis, Larissa S May, Daniel Merenstein, Joshua P Metlay, Jason G Newland, Jay F Piccirillo, Rebecca M Roberts, Guillermo V Sanchez, Katie J Suda, Ann Thomas, Teri Moser Woo, Rachel M Zetts, and Lauri A Hicks.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
• JAMA. 2016 May 3; 315 (17): 1864-73.

ImportanceThe National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria set a goal of reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use by 50% by 2020, but the extent of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use is unknown.ObjectiveTo estimate the rates of outpatient oral antibiotic prescribing by age and diagnosis, and the estimated portions of antibiotic use that may be inappropriate in adults and children in the United States.Design, Setting, And ParticipantsUsing the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, annual numbers and population-adjusted rates with 95% confidence intervals of ambulatory visits with oral antibiotic prescriptions by age, region, and diagnosis in the United States were estimated.ExposuresAmbulatory care visits.Main Outcomes And MeasuresBased on national guidelines and regional variation in prescribing, diagnosis-specific prevalence and rates of total and appropriate antibiotic prescriptions were determined. These rates were combined to calculate an estimate of the appropriate annual rate of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population.ResultsOf the 184,032 sampled visits, 12.6% of visits (95% CI, 12.0%-13.3%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Sinusitis was the single diagnosis associated with the most antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population (56 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 48-64]), followed by suppurative otitis media (47 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 41-54]), and pharyngitis (43 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 38-49]). Collectively, acute respiratory conditions per 1000 population led to 221 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 198-245) annually, but only 111 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate for these conditions. Per 1000 population, among all conditions and ages combined in 2010-2011, an estimated 506 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 458-554) were written annually, and, of these, 353 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate antibiotic prescriptions.Conclusions And RelevanceIn the United States in 2010-2011, there was an estimated annual antibiotic prescription rate per 1000 population of 506, but only an estimated 353 antibiotic prescriptions were likely appropriate, supporting the need for establishing a goal for outpatient antibiotic stewardship.

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