• Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther · Mar 2012

    Review

    The immune response to severe bacterial infections: consequences for therapy.

    • Evangelos J Giamarellos-Bourboulis and Maria Raftogiannis.
    • 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece. egiamarel@med.uoa.gr
    • Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Mar 1; 10 (3): 369-80.

    AbstractThe immune response to a bacterial stimulus starts when pathogen-associated molecular patterns of the bacterial pathogens activate pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. This leads to production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators aiming to contain infection and drive the clinical signs of sepsis. When sepsis and signs of failing organs are apparent, proinflammatory phenomena have ceased; a hypoinflammatory phase predominates, characterized by anergy of monocytes and apoptosis of T lymphocytes. The above sequence of events seems to differ from one patient to the next. The majority of therapies targeting the immune responses have failed to provide clinical benefit. Immunostimulation with IFN-γ and leukocyte growth factors, hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-embedded fiber column, and macrolides remain the most promising immunomodulators in clinical practice.

      Pubmed     Full text   Copy Citation     Plaintext  

      Add institutional full text...

    Notes

     
    Knowledge, pearl, summary or comment to share?
    300 characters remaining
    help        
    You can also include formatting, links, images and footnotes in your notes
    • Simple formatting can be added to notes, such as *italics*, _underline_ or **bold**.
    • Superscript can be denoted by <sup>text</sup> and subscript <sub>text</sub>.
    • Numbered or bulleted lists can be created using either numbered lines 1. 2. 3., hyphens - or asterisks *.
    • Links can be included with: [my link to pubmed](http://pubmed.com)
    • Images can be included with: ![alt text](https://bestmedicaljournal.com/study_graph.jpg "Image Title Text")
    • For footnotes use [^1](This is a footnote.) inline.
    • Or use an inline reference [^1] to refer to a longer footnote elseweher in the document [^1]: This is a long footnote..

    hide…