• Pleuni E Hooijman, Albertus Beishuizen, Christian C Witt, Monique C de Waard, Armand R J Girbes, Angelique M E Spoelstra-de Man, Hans W M Niessen, Emmy Manders, Hieronymus W H van Hees, Charissa E van den Brom, Vera Silderhuis, Michael W Lawlor, Siegfried Labeit, Ger J M Stienen, Koen J Hartemink, Marinus A Paul, Leo M A Heunks, and Coen A C Ottenheijm.
• 1 Department of Physiology.
• Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.. 2015 May 15;191(10):1126-38.

RationaleThe clinical significance of diaphragm weakness in critically ill patients is evident: it prolongs ventilator dependency, and increases morbidity and duration of hospital stay. To date, the nature of diaphragm weakness and its underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are poorly understood.ObjectivesWe hypothesized that diaphragm muscle fibers of mechanically ventilated critically ill patients display atrophy and contractile weakness, and that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is activated in the diaphragm.MethodsWe obtained diaphragm muscle biopsies from 22 critically ill patients who received mechanical ventilation before surgery and compared these with biopsies obtained from patients during thoracic surgery for resection of a suspected early lung malignancy (control subjects). In a proof-of-concept study in a muscle-specific ring finger protein-1 (MuRF-1) knockout mouse model, we evaluated the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the development of contractile weakness during mechanical ventilation.Measurements And Main ResultsBoth slow- and fast-twitch diaphragm muscle fibers of critically ill patients had approximately 25% smaller cross-sectional area, and had contractile force reduced by half or more. Markers of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway were significantly up-regulated in the diaphragm of critically ill patients. Finally, MuRF-1 knockout mice were protected against the development of diaphragm contractile weakness during mechanical ventilation.ConclusionsThese findings show that diaphragm muscle fibers of critically ill patients display atrophy and severe contractile weakness, and in the diaphragm of critically ill patients the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is activated. This study provides rationale for the development of treatment strategies that target the contractility of diaphragm fibers to facilitate weaning.

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